Police sector reform security topics africa center for. Regional and international partners meeting in brussels on 25 march should commit to finance security sector reform to help the small state move beyond its. The books comprehensive coverage of the varied contexts within which security. Security sector reform 3 illegal arms and ammunition. Security sector reform united nations peacekeeping. Nigeria ssr background note international security sector. Security creates the space where other development, political economic and. With the sudan in the north, the great lakes region to the west and somalia in the east, kenya is surrounded by a host of violent conflicts. Nigeria ssr background note international security. Security sector reform ssr is one of the four major objectives pursued by the liberian government as it rebuilds after the fifteenyear civil war. Security sector reform ssr united nations and the rule. Section iv then looks in more detail at the context for security sector reform in africa, asia, latin america and the cee states, where the level and nature of international involvement vary significantly.
This book seeks to explore specific challenges as well as discernible opportunities for parliamentary oversight of the security sector in west africa. The concept of security sector reform united nations. The united states has sought to combat security threats in africa whether terrorism or, in a previous era, communism principally by providing security sector assistance ssa to partner governments on the continent. This essay is part of the middle eastasia project map series on civilianizing the state in the middle east and asia pacific regions. Overview of security sector reforms and the transformation.
A framework for security sector reform ssr emerged in 1999 after international development actors observed from examples in south africa, indonesia and countries in eastern europe that national security and its components were considered crucial in a state recovering from conflict or an authoritarian regime. In the past few decades, countries in west africa and the sahel have enacted important. When the concept of security sector reform ssr was introduced some 10 years ago, it aimed to offer an innovative approach to the reform of security governance. Security sector reform in africa the united nations. Security sector reform in zimbabwe what, why and how.
He outlined the security institutions to include not only the. The core team of the world bank included geoff handley, harun dogo, alex berg. Geneva centre for the democratic control of armed forces ch notes. Views expressed are those of the authors and are not an endorsement by the africa center. In this policy, africa, the african continent, the continent or continental. Rachel nield, themes and debates in public security reform a manual for civil society,washington office on. May 01, 2015 setbacks in security sector reform ssr efforts in africa in recent years are reminders that establishing an effective and accountable security sector is inextricably linked to the quality of democratic governance. Security sector reform in developing and transitional. Security sector transformation in africa international security.
Security sector transformation in africa issat dcaf. Security sector reform in the philippines middle east. Security sector reform ssr envisions constitutional, democratic and public control of the security services as such, and given the historic involvement of the security services in instability in the horn, ssr is certain to go a good distance towards improving the dismal human conditions existing in the horn of africa. A framework for security sector reform ssr emerged in 1999 after international development actors observed from examples in south africa, indonesia and countries in eastern europe that national security and its components were considered crucial in a state recovering from conflict or. Security sector reform ssr is often wrongly reduced to functional capacity building in the security forces. However, it has already come to occupy a central place on the agenda of institutions active in the fields of development, conflict transformation and peacebuilding.
Security sector reform ssr is a holistic approach to nation building that focuses on building strong police, military, and justice systems that adhere to the rule of law and have a firm. Security sector reform in developing and transitional countries revisited 341 2. The security sector in southern africa international. Experience shows, however, that most ssr efforts are.
Gender and security sector reform in liberia and sierra leone from the 2425 and 2728 june 2008 respectively. Security sector reform in kenya bicc bonn international. With the sudan in the north, the great lakes region to the west and somalia in the east, kenya is. The report maintains that the underlying reason for many of the problems in the drc is the pervasive lack of security throughout the country. The need for security sector transformation sst is prominent in. The african union au hosted the africa forum on security sector reform ssr, from 24 26 november 2014, at the au headquarters in addis ababa. Jan 25, 2017 the security sector governance ssg programme of the institute for security studies iss conducted baseline studies of the security sector in six southern african countries, namely botswana, democratic republic of congo drc, lesotho, mozambique, south africa and zimbabwe, as well as the southern african development communitys organ on politics, defence and security sadc organ.
The ssr, a pilar for peace and stability in west africa and the sahel. A legitimate civilian government, economic improvement and an army that has lost credibility are an opportunity for guineabissau. The vocabulary of ssr ssr is often used to describe processes that have little in common with the reform of an existing security sector. Overview of security sector reforms and the transformation of. Somalia conference in may 2017 that laid the foundations for building an able, accountable, affordable and acceptable security sector. There has been a shift from state and militarycentric notions of security to a greater emphasis on human security. Chapter 5 overcoming challenges for security sector reform in the horn of africa medhane tadesse introduction in the past decade, security has emerged as a vital component of national and international policy in conflictaffected societies. Security sector reform aims to help states enhance the security of their citizens. Security sector transformation in africa dcaf geneva. Substantial changes are required if ssa is to have the impact the united states intends. Security sector reform in africa introduction the concept of security sector reform ssr has only been in currency for some 10 years.
No issue is more important than security sector reform in determining the democratic republic of the congos prospects for peace and development. A united nations perspective adedeji ebo and kristiana powell 45 3 the global war on terrorism and its implications for us security sector. Security sector reform in somalia aims for lasting peace. Byrd 301 19 the role of the private sector in security sector reform alex martin and peter wilson 314 20 scaling the hurdle or muddling through coordination and sequencing implementation of security sector reform in africa. For the purposes of security sector reform, african union includes the assembly, the peace and security council, the au commission and all other relevant organs of the african union. Nine ways to move from policy to implementation february 2012 introduction much has been written about securitysector reform ssr policy, either from the perspective of the principles, good practice, and definitions that define the scope of ssr,1 or from the specific policy orientation in a given country. Federal republic of somalia somalia security and justice. S1 security and justice sector reform sjsr has assumed an increasingly prominent role on the international policy agenda over the last decade. Donor approaches versus local needs many african states have security sector reform ssr programs.
The security landscape in every country is a reflection of history, culture, political, socioeconomic conditions and experiences. About background mission leadership map jobs bids timeline contact. The enterprise of reforming the security sector in africa implies a. The series explores the past and ongoing processes of security sector reform ssr in asiapacific countries and examines the steps already taken and still needed in the mena region. Other imperatives drivingthe push for ssr include fiscal reform, deficit reduction, improved control ofcrime, desire to enhance civil control, human rights, or legitimacy of securityinstitutions. It provides guidance on undertaking a process of security sector transformation consistent with democratic governance principles and a human security agenda. Regional and international partners meeting in brussels on 25 march should commit to finance security sector reform to help the small state move beyond its history of military coups. Security sector reform in the philippines middle east institute. Just as various ongoing or initiated reforms, such as the security sector reform, have. It makes the case that security sector reform ssr must be a fundamental component in zimbabwes stabilisation and reconstruction, and suggests ways forward to achieve this. Control of armed forces dcaf, maps ssr across west africa, examines the broad range and diversity of challenges in sixteen country case studies, and. Challenges of security sector governance in west africa provides a useful mapping of the achievements and areas of improvement in security governance processes in the subregion, and also provides entry points for nationally driven security sector reform processes.
This monograph is a study of the security sector in six southern african countries, namely botswana, the democratic republic of congo, lesotho, mozambique, south africa and zimbabwe. The key determinant for ssr in southern africa is governance change in the governance structures and power arrangements could bring change within the security sector, albeit incremental reforms. Somalias statebuilding efforts, including initiatives to strengthen security and rebuild the political system, have proceeded steadily since the inauguration of president mohamed abdullahi farmajo in february 2017. This report describes a path towards greater security if reform of the military, police and judicial sector is supported by firm commitments from the government of the drc and the international community. Conclusions of the africa forum on security sector reform. Security sector reform ssr is often wrongly reduced to. The consultative meetings which were structured in two parts one with female security sector personnel, and the second with diverse stakeholders of the national ssr processes.
Perspectives on security sector reform introduction and background 1. Ecowas seeks collective ownership of security sector. The case for security sector reform in zimbabwe ii this paper is intended to stimulate a discourse on the security sector and its reform in zimbabwe. Development theoreticians put forward the hypothesis that, in view of the often artificial borders drawn up in the decolonisation process, the military might play a role in uniting people and building nations. Africa center for strategic studies thursday july 26, 2018. Over the past ten years, the zimbabwean security sector has increasingly come into the spotlight as unduly politicised, nonpartisan, and as infringing on the human rights of the citizens. Jeffrey isima 327 acronyms 339 contributors 344 about cigi 353. Security sector reform in developing and transitional countries herbert wulf 1. National ownership is a must for the success of the security sector. Security sector reform in the central african republic. Founded in 2003, the network is headquartered in accra, ghana, with regional hubs in juba, nairobi and johannesburg, and a smaller office attached to the african union in addis ababa. Alan bryden, boubacar ndiaye and funmi olonisakin eds. The innovative approaches and framework employed by the government of liberia and the international community to reform the liberian security sector after the civil war were discussed at a meeting.
Implementation of security sector reform in africa. It provides an overview of the performance of selected west african parliaments in the area of security sector oversight, based on a compilation of country studies from benin, cape verde, ghana. Reforming security sector assistance for africa rand. Within the ssr paradigm, such reform was seen as an essential precondition of sustainable development and was envisaged as encompassing the entire spectrum of security institutions. The concept of ssr also incorporates the values of liberal democracy and the efforts invested in the adoption of those values. The economic community of west african states ekaette ikpe. The end of the cold war had a tremendous impact on the concepts of governance, democracy and security. Part two guides the team of independent experts through the map. Security sector reform ssr often arises out of peace processes andforms part of postconflict reconstruction efforts. Enhancing democratic governance of the security sector. Security sector reform ssr united nations and the rule of law. In fact, in many countries ssr is an element of state building, reduces concrete security risks for the population, and should always also contribute to democratic security governance within society. Gfnssr regional guide security sector reform in southern africa.
The high level forum on african perspectives on security sector reform was held on 14 may 2010 at the permanent mission of nigeria to the united nations, new york, and cohosted by the permanent missions of nigeria and south africa to the united nations. These changes need to be made in strategies, programs, and evaluations. The security sector reform unit within the united nations department of peacekeeping. The united nations assists member states to undertake security sector reform with a view to achieving effective and accountable security for the state and its citizens, without discrimination and with full respect for human rights and the rule of. Parliamentary oversight of the security sector in west africa. Pdf how to apply the security sector reform of south. Further advice and information on security sector reform can be obtained from the conflict and humanitarian affairs. Security sector transformation in north africa and the middle east. Only legitimately elected leaders have built in incentives to create capable security sectors focused on citizen security. Security sector reform in times of democratic reversal. Security sector reform ssr envisions constitutional, democratic and public control of the security services as such, and given the historic involvement of the security services in instability in the horn, ssr is certain to go a good distance towards improving the. A curated list of mustread analyses on police sector reform. Security sector reform 1 security sector reform in ghana introduction and context of reform ghana has come to be considered one of the most successful examples of demilitarization and democratization, and its experiences with security sector reform have often been noted as a hopeful example and an important factor contributing to. The concept of security sector reform also gains a political acceptance in a large number of east european and postsoviet states, which undertake efforts towards establishing democratic systems.
For more detail, see the generic security sector map on page 3. For example, in a postconfl ict state, it may be more appropriate to refer to the reconstruction of a security sector that has been. The reform of the nigerian military has been linked to a wider concern with security sector reform in africa, with the economic community of west african states ecowas adopting the declaration of political principles, promoting multiparty democracy and representative institutions which set guarantees for personal safety and freedom. African knowledge and experience has contributed much to theevolution of the security sector reform ssr concept while africa continuesto be the main arena. In terms of the security sector, kenya faces a number of demanding challenges, which make up the overall frame of reference for any discussion on reform in this sensitive area. This has underscored the importance of governance issues and civilian input into policy making. Understanding and supporting security sector reform.
This policy brief considers the need for security sector reform ssr in zimbabwe and highlights possible shortterm and longterm priorities in this regard. Security sector reform ssr aims at improving safety through enhancing the effectiveness and accountability of security institutions controlled by civilians and operating according to. The architecture sets out the composition, structure and scope of the security sector in. The african security sector network assn is a panafrican network of experts and organisations working in the area of security sector reform ssr. A handbook the handbook has been produced by a collaborative effort among researchers and practitioners across africa. Military expenditure as percent of gdp during and after conflicts in subsaharan africa 57 figure 22. The uk government has played a crucial role in championing sjsr which combines, at the strategic level, work on security sector reform ssr and safety, security and access to justice.
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